f | HSIS

Feverfew

Description	Feverfew is a member of the botanical family that includes the daisy. It has yellow and white flowers and feathery green leaves. It is primarily the leaves which contain the active ingredient, parthenolide.
Function/ Used for	Feverfew has been widely used to prevent the onset of migraines¹. It is thought to prevent the sudden dilation of blood vessels, which is associated with the onset of migraine; however, it does not work to relieve symptoms of a migraine once it has started. It has also long been used to relieve symptoms of menstrual cramps.
Intake	N/A
As a supplement	Feverfew is generally available in a tablet or capsule form, and is often standardised to contain 0.4% parthenolide. Dosage is 250mg of standardised extract per day for long term use.
Found in (dietary sources)	N/A
Deficiency	N/A
Precautions and contraindications	Caution use in those with hypersensitivity to the Asteraceae (Compositae) or Daisy family, i.e. chamomile, ragweed, yarrow, etc.²
Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding	Feverfew should not be taken during pregnancy as it may cause contractions of the uterus. It is also not recommended for breastfeeding women.³
Interactions e.g. with other medications	Feverfew may inhibit blood clotting; people taking anti-coagulant or anti-platelet (blood thinning) medicines should consult their doctor before use.
Adverse effects	Minor abdominal discomfort and diarrhoea has been reported. Dermatitis, soreness or ulceration of the mouth, and a mild tranquillising effect have also been reported.⁴
References	¹Migraine Trust ² Braun & Cohen. Herbs and Natural Supplements: An evidence-based guide. Churchill Livingstone, 2005. ³ Mills, S. & Bone, K. Principles and practice of phytotherapy. Churchill Livingstone, 2000. 4. Williamson, E. M. Potter’s Herbal Cyclopaedia. C.W. Daniel Co Ltd. 2003

Page content last reviewed: March 20, 2017

Fluoride

Description	Fluoride is a mineral commonly known for its effects on our teeth.
Function/ Used for	Fluoride is important to help keep teeth strong and healthy¹.
Intake	EU NRV: 3.5mg UK average daily intake: requirements vary depending on age and gender. The UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey lists up-to-date intake requirements and average intakes².
As a supplement	Typically found as an ingredient in toothpastes and mouthwashes. Also, can be found as a supplement for use in certain circumstances; typically, only for those known to have a lack of intake from food and drink and/or exposure to fluoride through dental products.
Found in (dietary sources)	Fluoride is found in tea, marine fish, fluoridated water, foods and beverages made from fluoridated water, toothpaste and other dental products containing fluoride.
Deficiency	Although there is no deficiency disease for fluoride, low fluoride intake and/or poor dental hygiene (or brushing with fluoride-free toothpaste) can lead to tooth decay³.
Precautions and contraindications	Safe Upper Level (Guidance Level): 7mg/day³
Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding	There is no evidence of adverse effects in pregnancy at normal intakes.
Interactions e.g. with other medications	Fluoride is not known to have any clinically relevant interactions with medications.
Adverse effects	Chronic high intakes can lead to skeletal or tooth fluorosis. Fluorosis of the teeth is much more common and leads to build up of fluoride in dental enamel causing structural and compositional changes (e.g. white mottling, yellow marks and pits on teeth) which does not actually do any harm to the teeth. The much rarer skeletal fluorosis however can lead to bone deformation, stiffness of joints, pain and increased risk of fracture³.
References	¹EU Community Register of Nutrition and Health Claims ²https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/national-diet-and-nutrition-survey ³EFSA; Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies on A Request from the Commission Related to the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Fluoride (2006).

Page content last reviewed: May 10, 2022

Folic Acid

Description	Folic Acid, known as folate in its natural form, is a synthetic water-soluble vitamin and is part of the B-vitamins group. Folic acid is generally consumed in the form of food supplements or in fortified foods.
Function/ Used for	Essential during pregnancy for efficient neural tube development which forms the brain and spinal cord. ‘Neural tube defects’, such as spina bifida, in babies appear to be linked to a ‘metabolic defect’ in folate metabolism in the mother. This means that, even though the mother may have an adequate dietary intake of folic acid, her body cannot use it efficiently. Taking extra folic acid at the time when the neural tube is forming can reduce the chance of the baby having a neural tube defect. However, the neural tube is formed very early during pregnancy – about a month after conception. Women are advised to take folic acid for 12 weeks prior to conception and to continue taking folic acid supplements until the 12th week of pregnancy. In addition, folic acid is essential for the formation of red blood cells and has been shown to reduce the levels of an amino acid (homocysteine). This reduction may have a protective effect against heart disease.¹ Folic Acid also contributes to brain health, immune function as well as helping to reduce tiredness and fatigue.
Intake	Recommended Intake EU NRV: 200µg Women of childbearing age (14-49 years) who are planning or who may become pregnant are advised to take a supplement containing 400µg folic acid every day. UK average daily intake Requirements vary depending on age and gender. The UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey lists up-to-date intake requirements and average intakes².
As a supplement	Available as a single supplement. Also commonly available as part of a multivitamin and mineral formula. Different multivitamin and minerals products will vary in the percentage NRVs they include. People should always check the label for information about a specific product.
Found in (dietary sources)	‘Folate’ can be found naturally in yeast extract, wholegrain cereals, liver, brussels sprouts, broccoli, leafy green vegetables, beans, oranges and beer. Levels of folate are unstable, unless the foods are refrigerated, and can also be destroyed by processing and cooking. ‘Folic acid’ can be sourced from fortified foods, such as breakfast cereals, marmite, bovril and fat spreads.
Deficiency	Folate deficiency may lead to an increased risk of neural tube defect (spina bifida) in babies. Folate deficiency may cause macrocytic megaloblastic anaemia (enlarged but fewer red blood cells).⁵
Precautions and contraindications	Safe Upper Level: 1000µg/day³
Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding	No problems have been reported. Supplements are required during pregnancy and when planning a pregnancy.
Interactions e.g. with other medications	Those taking anti-epileptic drugs should seek doctor’s advice. Prolonged use of oral contraceptives may cause folic acid depletion⁴. Adequate amounts of all B vitamins are required for optimal functioning. Deficiency or excess of one B vitamin may lead to abnormalities in the metabolism of another. Folic acid may reduce the absorption of zinc.
Adverse effects	Folic acid is generally considered to be safe even in high doses, but it may lead to convulsions in patients taking anticonvulsants and to neuropathy in patients with pernicious anaemia.⁵ Some gastrointestinal disturbance has been reported at doses of 15 mg daily. Allergic reactions (shortness of breath, wheezing, fever, erythema, skin rash, itching) have been reported rarely.⁵
References	1. NHS Choices. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/vitamins-minerals-supplements-pregnant.aspx#Folic 2. https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/national-diet-and-nutrition-survey 3. Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals, 2003. 4. Gaby, A. R. A-Z Guide to Drug-Herb-Vitamin Interactions. HealthNotes 2006. 5. Mason, P. Dietary Supplements. Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2001. 4.

Page content last reviewed: March 20, 2017

µg	Microgram a measurement of weight equal to one millionth of a gram (or one thousandth of a milligram). Microgram (µg or mcg) is used for a number of nutrients found in food supplements.
Amino Acid	The building blocks of protein, there are eight essential amino acids which cannot be synthesised within the body and therefore must come from the diet. These are: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. In addition arginine and histidine are amino acids required by infants and young children which supports their rapid growth.
Antioxidant	A substance or nutrient which helps to protect our cells from damage caused by free radicals, damaging molecules which are found in pollution and tobacco smoke. Our bodies also produce free radicals as part of the normal biochemistry of living.
Deficiency	A lack of essential macronutrients or micronutrients which results in malnutrition and or disease. This may be the result of inadequate intakes or absorption issues associated with gastrointestinal disease. There are a number of recognised deficiency diseases including (but not exclusively): scurvy (vitamin C deficiency); rickets (vitamin D deficiency); anaemia (iron deficiency, but also deficiencies in B12 and folic acid) and Kwashiorkor (protein deficiency).
DH	The Department of Health is a UK Government department. It has responsibility for nutrition legislation and sets health policy for nutrition.
DHA	Docosahexaenoic acid; one of the key omega-3 fats that provides health benefits
Dietitian	An individual qualified in nutrition and dietetics who can assess, diagnose and treat health issues associated with nutrition and diet. Dietitians are governed by law with a statutory code of practice; they often work within the health service although increasing numbers are also working in a freelance capacity.
EFA	Essential fatty acids (omega 3 and omega 6) cannot be synthesised by the body and must be derived from the diet. EFAs do not provide fuel for energy production and are required for vital biological processes which support growth, development and health.
EFSA	European Food Safety Authority; the European Union food risk management agency which scientifically evaluates safety across all areas of food.
EPA	Eicosapentaenoic acid; one of the key omega-3 fats that provides health benefits.
Fat soluble vitamin	The fat soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E and K. Because they are fat soluble these substances can accumulate in the body, often being stored in fat cells, or in the liver. This can create health issues, particularly if intakes have been high for a prolonged period of time. For example, long term high intakes of vitamin D may lead to the laying down of calcium in tissues such as liver and kidneys which can cause nausea and vomiting.
Food supplement	A food supplement is a concentrated source of vitamins, minerals or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect which is sold in small, measured unit doses.
FSA	The Food Standards Agency is a non-ministerial UK Government department responsible for food safety and food hygiene.
GLA	Gamma-linoleic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid (an essential fatty acid considered to be necessary for human health which must be derived from the diet). GLA is most commonly found in evening primrose oil (EPO), borage or starflower oil and blackcurrant seed oil.
Health claim	A health claim is any claim which states, or implies, that consumption of a specific food will have a beneficial effect on health. Claims may be written, verbal or pictorial.
Herbal medicine (herbal remedy)	A product is considered to be a herbal medicine if the main active ingredient/s are only herbal substances or preparations. Not all herbal products are medicines, some may be food supplements and some may be cosmetics. What determines if a product is, or is not a medicine is complex but generally rests with how the product is presented (i.e. does it make medicinal claims to treat, prevent or cure any disease) and what it does (i.e. does it have a physiological impact on, or alter, any body functions).
Macronutrient	Dietary constituents which are needed in significant amounts, generally protein, fat, carbohydrate, fibre and water.
Malnutrition	Malnutrition is a state in which the deficiency of nutrients such as energy, protein, vitamins or minerals results in measurable adverse effects on the body. Malnutrition may refer to insufficient intake of protein, carbohydrate and fats (macronutrients) which can result in overly low BMI. It may also be insufficient intake of vitamins, minerals and other micronutrients, which can impact on overall health and could include obese individuals with poor diets.
Mg	Milligram is a measurement of weight equal to one thousandth of a gram. Mg is used for a number of nutrients found in food supplements.
Micronutrient	A substance derived from food which is needed in extremely small amounts for the normal growth and development of living beings. Micronutrients are vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids (omega-3 fats)
Mineral	Inorganic micronutrient essential to health and wellbeing. Minerals are absorbed from soil by plants which are in turn eaten by animals or humans. Minerals may be split into minerals which are needed in relatively high amounts (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chloride and potassium) and trace elements (iron, zinc, cobalt, copper, chromium, fluoride, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, boron and selenium) which are needed in very small quantities.
Multivitamin	A product which contains more than one vitamin, often multivitamins will contain all 13 vitamins although some may contain only the eight B vitamins, or a combination of some of the vitamins and some additional minerals.
NDNS	The UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey is a continuous rolling survey of the dietary habits and nutritional status of adults and children in the UK. The results are used to assess whether intakes of food and nutrients are adequate across different ages and population groups.
NRV	Nutrient Reference Value is the amount set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), primarily to support food labelling, which the majority of the population requires to maintain health. Previously known as RDA
Nutrient	A substance derived from food which provides nourishment to the body and is essential for the maintenance of life and for growth and development.
Nutritionist	Nutritionists generally work for public bodies or governments, although some do work with private clients. They tend to look at large populations to determine risk factors and make dietary recommendations that are applied at population levels. For example, evidence on the incidence of type II Diabetes led public health nutritionists to determine that some populations are more at risk of developing this disease, and to make recommendations for dietary changes to either reduce the risk or manage the disease. However, public health nutritionists do not practice with individual patients.
Omega-3 fats	Essential fatty acids which cannot be synthesised by the body and must be derived from the diet. Primary sources for omega-3 fats are oily fish and fish oil supplements with some also coming from enriched eggs and fortified foods. There are a number of scientifically proven health benefits for omega-3 fats including supporting the health of the eyes, brain and heart, maintaining an appropriate balance of triglycerides in the blood and reducing blood pressure.
Omega-6 fats	Essential fatty acids which cannot be synthesised by the body and must be derived from the diet. Primary sources for omega-6 are vegetable oils such as sunflower and corn oils as well as nuts and seeds. There are a number of health benefits associated with omega-6 fatty acids; they are thought to be beneficial in the management of premenstrual syndrome and in some skin conditions including eczema and psoriasis.
PAGB	Proprietary Association of Great Britain (PAGB) is the UK trade association which represents the manufacturers of branded over-the-counter medicines, self care medical devices and food supplements.
Prebiotics	Foods which promote the growth of probiotics, the beneficial bacteria that inhabit our gut. Prebiotics are generally fibres such as inulin, which our bodies cannot digest and absorb but which provide a food source for probiotics.
Probiotics	Live bacteria (and some yeasts) which inhabit the digestive tract which are viewed as being beneficial to human health. There are thousands of different bacterial strains; some are resident in specific areas of the digestive tract whilst others are transient, simply passing through.
Public Health England (PHE)	Public Health England is an agency of the Department of Health responsible for improving public health. They work with local government, the NHS and non-governmental organisations as well as communicating public health messages to the general public.
PUFA	Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are found in nuts, seeds, fish (and fish oil), krill and some algae, small amounts are also found in leafy greens. The omega-3 and omega 6 fats are PUFAs, which are generally associated with health.
RDA	Recommended Daily Amount; previously used terminology for the amount set, primarily to support food labelling, which the majority of the population require to maintain health. Now described using nutrient reference value (NRV)
SUL	Safe Upper Levels of vitamins and minerals were established by the Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals who published a report in 2003 (https://cot.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/cot/vitmin2003.pdf). The UK food supplements industry works to the levels set in this report.
Vitamin	Organic micronutrient essential to health and wellbeing. Vitamins cannot be synthesised in sufficient amounts by the animal or human body and must therefore be obtained from the diet. Plants manufacture vitamins which move up the food chain as the plants are consumed by animals or humans. Vitamins can be divided into fat soluble (vitamins A, D, E and K) and water soluble (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, biotin, folic acid and vitamin C).
Water soluble vitamin	The B vitamins and vitamin C are water soluble. They are not stored in any significant quantities within the body and are generally either utilised or excreted in the urine. As they are not stored in the body, they tend to have low toxicity and are needed on a daily basis.